Character Analysis Film Review The Princess Bride

When I was little, my mother always read me stories before bed. I couldn’t sleep without hearing the happy ending that I always knew was coming. The Princess Bride, a movie about a grandfather who reads his sick grandson a book about a Farm boy named Wesley and his true love Buttercup. In this fairytale they must overcome great obstacles while fighting for their love. This movie brings me right back to my childhood cuddling up under my covers hanging on my mothers every word. Although it is at some points unrealistic and predictable, The Princess Bride is an interesting, humorous, and heartwarming movie due to its’ setting, comical characters, and deep true love story. The first thing that I noticed in this movie, making it very†¦show more content†¦Wesley was by far the wittiest character, always having a quick smart response to everything. Humperdinck’s cowardice is humorous in that it makes me pity him, although he is the character who has it all. The scene where Buttercup throws herself down the hill after pushing Wesley down shows how little she thinks logically. Vizzini’s repetitive use of the word inconceivable is hilarious because he rarely uses it correctly. The Impressive Clergyman ordained the royal wedding using this awful speech impediment making his words almost impossible to listen to. Although, in my opinion, no characters stand up to Miracle Max and his wife Valerie when it comes to humor. Specifically, when Max is calling his wife a witch, she replies with the words, â€Å"I’m not a witch I’m your wife.† A lot of the humor in this part comes from how they talk and act which I just find funny in general. I’m not the only one who thinks so in that film critic Roger Ebert stated in a review of the movie that â€Å"the funniest sequence in the film starts Billy Crystal and Carol Kane, both unrecognizable behind makeup, as an ancient wizard and crone who specialize in bringing the de ad back to life.† The fact that this movie is a parody of an average fairy tale with whacky characters keeps me laughing throughout the movie. One last thing I noticed in this movie that really appealed to me was the love story. The thing that I think really makesShow MoreRelatedLanguage of Advertising and Communication Via Advertising16651 Words   |  67 Pages37 3.3. Relational Aspects of Advertising 39 3.4. Speech Acts in Advertising 41 3.5. Conclusion 44 Conclusion 46 Bibliography 49 Appendix 52 Introduction The subject of this research is the analysis of the language of advertising and its relation to social environment. The impact of advertising on the modern world is increasing and thus became a major area of study from a broad multidisciplinary approach. Sociology and psychology attempt toRead MoreLanguage of Advertising and Communication Via Advertising16638 Words   |  67 PagesAppeal 37 3.3. Relational Aspects of Advertising 39 3.4. Speech Acts in Advertising 41 3.5. Conclusion 44 Conclusion 46 Bibliography 49 Appendix 52 Introduction The subject of this research is the analysis of the language of advertising and its relation to social environment. The impact of advertising on the modern world is increasing and thus became a major area of study from a broad multidisciplinary approach. Sociology and psychology attempt toRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesConnections to a wider spectrum of professionals ( greater insight into issue at hand †¢ E.g. 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections (bloggers provide personal opinions about who was likely to win but New York Times invited experts to do a state-by-state analysis presenting results in a full-page spread, culminating in a detailed map showing states Democrats were likely to win) †¢ Anonymity: given free rein to publish any thought that comes to mind †¢ E.g. For every worthwhile video present on the site

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-sex Marriage is...

Same-sex Marriage is Inevitable For many parents, the marriage of their child is a very happy and proud time. Most parents expect their children to get married and have children. But what if their child is gay or lesbian? Their child may have met the perfect person to spend their life with, but their child cannot get legally married. Same-sex couples can hold wedding ceremonies, but the law does not recognize these unions. Many heterosexuals take for granted the benefits that are extended to their spouse by way of legal marriage. These benefits do not extend to homosexual couples, because there is not a law that recognizes same-sex marriage. Gay marriage is not legal because of state and federal laws, as well as the traditional†¦show more content†¦In order for a gay marriage law to be passed, the state would first have to repeal its sodomy law, or have it ruled unconstitutional. Hawaiis sodomy law was repealed through legislation action in 1973 (Bull 44), which helped open a window for a landmark case. In 1993, the case Baehr v. Lewin came before Hawaiis court system. It consisted of three couples, two lesbian couples, and one gay couple that sued the state of Hawaii to get the right to marry. The outcome of the case decreed that the practice of denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples was tantamount to sex discrimination under the Hawaii Constitution. (Foley 39) Furthermore, in December of 1996, a Hawaii circuit court judge found no compelling state interest in denying same-sex marriages. However, there is still no legal right to marry there, because Baehr v. Lewin is on appeal. (Kramer 1) There are also many federal laws that have been passed that prevent legal gay marriage. Most of these laws stem from the bill (H R 3396), the Defense of Marriage Act (DoMA), passed by the US House of Representatives in 1996. DoMA was drafted largely in response to the Baehr v. Lewin ruling. It contains two main points. The first item of significance in DoMA is that it sets forth official definitions of the words marriage and spouse. Marriage is officially now defined as a union between a man and a woman,Show MoreRelatedMarriage Equality For Same Sex Couples1480 Words   |  6 Pagesily Studies Interest Research Project Marriage Equality for Same-Sex Couples in Australia. Tiarne Milton Year 12, CAFS Mrs Stamoudis Table Of Contents Abstract/summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Acknowledgments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Review of existing research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Our Society1301 Words   |  6 Pages(Show clips from Joey, Connor, Ingrid, Troye and Hannah’s coming out videos) (Black out) These people are highly respected by this, the social media generation. 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Discovery of Planet Neptune for Solar System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDiscovery of Planet Neptune for Solar System. Answer: Introduction Planets do orbit the sun in an orderly way; this is what comprises the solar system. Mercury is known to be at the nearest distance to the sun compared to the rest of the planets, followed by Venus, Earth, Mars, then Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and finally Neptune. Even though some do support life like earth, others do not support life. This paper identifies and analyses the significant discovery of the planet Neptune. It then extends by providing an expansion on who discovered it, when did he or she do it, and lastly, how did he do it. However, regarding the demand of the paper, which has broken down the research process using questions, like if there is sufficient evidence to prove all about the planet Neptune, are there any sources that support the evidence provided, and if there are any contradicting sources on the same. The first question is which I turn to below. Standing at a distance of 2.8 billion miles from the sun, lies a blue 30,7775 miles diameter planet, called Neptune, named after the Roman god of water (due to its blue coloration). Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun. The planet is oval and said to be 30 times as far away from the earth as Earth. Nevertheless, its distance from the sun makes it take even longer to complete one full rotation around the sun at an estimated 165 Earth years, and as a result, Neptune completed its first rotation in 2011 (Dong Zhu, 2013). Also, the Earth has a rocky core, so does Neptune. However, Neptune does not support life and habitation this is due to the existence of a much thicker atmosphere compared to Earth. This, in turn, had developed an interest in astronomers (Butler et al., 2004). Neptune's features are quite fascinating and amaze many, the planet's winds reach up to a speed of around 2,400 km/h. Moreover, its vast distance from the sun does not allow the planet to get sufficient sunlight which is necessary to assist in warming up its atmosphere and drive it as well. Neptune's magnetic field is more powerful than Earth's, around 27 times more. Consequently, wild swings are experienced during each rotation that it undergoes. Furthermore, the planets magnetic poles are extremity by approximately 47 degrees as compared with the poles along which it spins (Howard et al., 2011). Scientist after extensive research on the cloud formations on the gas giant came up with the conclusion that a day on Neptune approximates to 16 hours unlike Earth's 24 hours (Dumusque et al., 2014). Neptune has 14 moons whose names are from lesser sea gods. The moons are of different sizes and shapes, the largest being Triton whose unique features is its spherical shape, and its rotation is opposite to its planet's rotation (Howard et al., 2011). This kind of rotation is known as retrograde orbit. Neptune has rings, although they are not uniform, they, however, are in possession of thick clumps of dust which are bright known as arcs (Howard et al., 2011). According to an article written in the journal Icarus, Neptunes rings are said to be unstable. Discovery has it that a solid core builds up with time then after that hydrogen and helium from the surrounding were captured in the nebula that surrounds the sun. This led to the final formation of the present Neptune. Moreover, according to Tristan Guillot in Interiors of Giant Planets Inside and Outside the Solar System, he coins it that Neptune's composition is up to 25 percent rock, hydrogen, and helium up to 15 percent, and the rest which is ice is said to be up to 70 percent. Who discovered Neptune and when he found it Johan Gottfried Galle was born on 9th of June 1812, in Papsthaus a house in the town of Grafenhainichen. He was the first son of Johann Gottfried and Marie Henriette. Galle studied at Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin and later on became a mathematics and physics teacher (Kowal Drake,1980). He after that worked as an assistant to Johann Franz Encke and it is in his stay there that Galle took advantage of the Fraunhofer refactor which he used in 1838 to discover an inner darker ring of Saturn. In the subsequent two years, he found three comets which had not yet been observed before. Johann Galle's great discoveries saw him awarded Dr. Phil award (Kowal Drake,1980). About the same time as Galle received his Ph.D., he sent a copy of his thesis to Urbain Le Verrier. However, he received a reply to it a year after. Galle was granted permission to search the rest of the section of the sky by Le Verrier after he had seen a still planet which was not yet discovered (Melo et al., 2007). He together with his assistants help, Galle found out a star of 8th magnitude, which was a degree away, a physical position that had not yet been put to record. This was on the eve of the 23rd of September 1846 (Melo et al., 2007). After two evening, Le Verrier measured a motion of the celestial object; he then suggested it be named Neptune (Orosz et al., 2012). However, even after this success by Le Verrier, Galle has always refused to take credit for discovering the planet Neptune but instead acknowledges his colleague instead (Orosz et al., 2012). Who was first to discover Neptune It occurred that in 1845, Le Verrier was not the only one who recognized Neptune's existence. Instead, John Couch Adams who was an astronomer at Cambridge noticed a strange planet disrupting Uranus' orbit, thus set out to estimate the nature and the position at which it stood (Smart, 19478). The two astronomers, however, lacked knowledge of them working differently with one purpose in mind. The director of Cambridge Observatory, James Challis knew that from his experiments and encounters, he had already noticed the existence of Neptune. On August eighth and twelfth Challis was said to have spotted Neptune but due to the lack of an updated star map, he was not aware that Neptune was indeed a planet (Sumi et al., 2010). Even though disputes arose unto who first discovered the planet, Le Verrier however, was the one who had made the appropriate and accurate calculations and assumptions, while on the other hand, Galle was the one holding the telescope (Sumi et al., 2010). Galles and Le V erriers great discovery was termed as to be a masterpiece in the history of humankind. Evidence to support, sources to help, and references that contradict On August 25th, 1989, a satellite by NASA, Voyager 2, was not only the first spacecraft to pay a visit to Neptune, but it was also the only one. It managed to discover Neptune's six moons, that is Naiad, Despina, Thalassa, Galatea, Proteus, and Larissa, as well as its rings (Galle, 1846). In line with the same, not every astronomer was able to operate its satellite to observe all that partakes Neptune, hence in 2003, a team of international astronomers used ground telescopes instead. Consequently, they ended up discovering five other moons which orbited Neptune (Galle, 1846). Despite the existing stories and scenarios for the discovery of Neptune, however, contradicting beliefs do exist as well. For instance, Johann Galle together with the assistance of his students Heinrich Louis, believed to have been the first person to have a view of the planet (Melo et al., 2007). Another different case is that Urbain Le Verrier had previously predicted that a strange planet existed. He then asked for Galles assistance by sending coordinates to him for verification (Kowal Drake,1980). Coincidentally, this happened to be the very same night that Galle received his letter with a degree in the planets current physical position (Kowal Drake,1980). Another different instance towards the person who first indeed discovered Neptune's existence is that of John Couch Adams. As an astronaut, its believed that he had previously calculated the position which Neptune stood (Dumusque et al., 2014). James Challis also in his day to day search, he came to realize that he had already made a discovery of the planet Neptune but lacked the equipment to do so, though he had not yet recognized Neptune as a planet (Dong Zhu, 2013). Even though critiques and contradictions arose, on the other hand, some predictions are known to be true. Johann Galle who is of German origin used calculations to find the planet Neptune using a telescope (Kowal Drake,1980). Even though the then telescopes were not like modern ones which have a higher magnification power as compared to the early ones. Mathematics was used by astronauts to give an approximation and prediction on Neptune (Sumi et al., 2010). NASA has been able to take its spacecraft to Neptune successfully instead of depending on only ground-based telescopes to carry out their work. Has been able to have a better and extensive knowledge about the planet itself. For example, the actual distance from the sun to Neptune, and from earth to Neptune. It has been able to find out about its external features; it's habitual if at all it supports life just like earth does (Smart, 1947). However even though it is bigger than planet earth, surprisingly Neptune does not support life in its surrounding. Instead, the environment there contains strong winds said to be the strongest amongst other planets. Also, the planet is composed of a large percentage of ice, and the gas there is mostly helium and hydrogen and methane (Butler et al., 2004). More evidence to support Neptune existence Through the use of telescope, Neptune has been discovered to be in existence. The telescope images are clear sign that the planet is in existence. This proof was more solidified through the NASAs confirmation of the different aspects of the planet such as the rings and the different moons. According to OConnor and Robertson (1996), the pre-discoveries of the planet, which was carried by different personnel such as Galileo Galilei, Jerome Lalande and John Herschel all have same details. The details of these scientists show the orbiting of Neptune and agree on the same fact of Neptune existence. From the analysis, all these scientists were able to agree on one point. Moreover, since the scientists used different methods to come to the conclusion of Neptune existence is clear evidence that the planet is there. Since the planet is not visible with bear eyes, the telescope evidence has been used over and over to proof the existence of the planet (Munsell, Smith, and Harvey, 2007). Telesco ping images have clear information which the NASA was able to confirm to be true about Neptune. Therefore the pre-discoveries are enough to proof that the planet is in existence and different scientist, do agree on these discoveries which were done long time ago. In addition, details about the status of Neptune are other proofs which are used to justify the existence of this planet. Researchers such as Sloane J. Wiktorowicz and Andrew P. Ingersoll were able to come up with calculations on the dryness and warmth status of Neptune, which is found in their paper, Liquid Water Oceans in Ice Giant. In their final data, the scientist concluded that Neptune is too dry and too warm for the oceans to form. This led to details that the planet has about 15% of oceans (Britt, 2009). In addition, this details is similar to what the Voyager 2, spacecraft was able to find on the planet. Voyager 2 was able to come and offer critical evidence on details which had been achieved through telescope and the mathematical calculations. The NASA journey was able to confirm the temperature conditions of the planet. The different results from different scientists about the condition of the planet are enough proof of the planet existence. The existence of the rings on Neptune is clear that the details about the planet are correct. For long, the details were treated as hypothetical but on arrival of Voyager 2, clear images were able to show that the rings were indeed there and planet was in existence. Even after that, scientists have used telescopes in their research and have been able to verify the details of the rings on the planet (Kollerstrom, 2001). These are clear proof on the uniqueness that Neptune is in existence. Moreover, unique details of the planet such as the rings and the moon number have been verified by different scientists. These details show that the unique Neptune planet is there and acts as enough proof to show its existence. The uniqueness and different agreement of the different researchers is a clear proof that Neptune do exist. Conclusion All planets do orbit around the sun and so does Neptune. The planet is not invisible by bare eyes due to its long distance from the sun and the earth. Telescope and spacecraft have been used to analyze the planets existence and various conditions. The journey for the discovery of the planet started with Galileo Galilei telescope discovery although most of credit goes to Le Verrier for the Neptune discovery. Moreover, other scientists and researchers have been involved in the journey for the discovery of this planet. Different scientists have agreed that the planet is about 2.8 million miles from the sun. The planet is blue in color and it is estimated to be 30,775 miles in diameter. Being oval in nature and it is estimated that the planet takes 165 earth years to complete one rotation. Moreover, the planet has some rings and several moons. Moreover, some contradicting information on the discoveries of the Neptune planet has also existed. Some of the contradiction is that Johann Galle was the first person to view the planet. Nevertheless, with all the controversy, all the scientists are able to agree that he Neptune planet do exist. They mostly agreed on the different details which have been achieved from their researches. Image Credit: M. Showalter/SETI InstituteImage Credit: NASA/JPL References Britt, R. R. (2009). "Galileo discovered Neptune, new theory claims". MSNBC News. Butler, R. P., Vogt, S. S., Marcy, G. W., Fischer, D. A., Wright, J. T., Henry, G. W., ... Lissauer, J. J. (2004). A Neptune-mass planet orbiting the nearby M dwarf GJ 436. The Astrophysical Journal, 617(1), 580. Dong, S., Zhu, Z. (2013). Fast rise of Neptune-size planets (4-8 R) from P 10 to 250 daysstatistics of Kepler planet candidates up to 0.75 AU. The Astrophysical Journal, 778(1), 53. Dumusque, X., Bonomo, A. S., Haywood, R. D., Malavolta, L., Sgransan, D., Buchhave, L. A., ... Udry, S. (2014). The Kepler-10 planetary system revisited by HARPS-N: A hot rocky world and a solid Neptune-mass planet. The Astrophysical Journal, 789(2), 154. Galle, J. G. (1846). Account of the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 7, 153. Howard, A. W., Johnson, J. A., Marcy, G. W., Fischer, D. A., Wright, J. T., Henry, G. W., ... Piskunov, N. E. (2011). The NASA-UC Eta-Earth program. III. A super-Earth orbiting HD 97658 and a Neptune-mass planet orbiting Gl 785. The Astrophysical Journal, 730(1), 10. Kollerstrom, N. (2001). "Neptune's Discovery. The British Case for Co-Prediction". University College London. Kowal, C. T., Drake, S. (1980). Galileo's observations of Neptune. Nature, 287(5780), 311-313. Melo, C., Santos, N. C., Gieren, W., Pietrzynski, G., Ruiz, M. T., Sousa, S. G., ... Queloz, D. (2007). A new Neptune-mass planet orbiting HD 219828. Astronomy Astrophysics, 467(2), 721-727. Munsell, K.; Smith, H. and Harvey, S. (13 November 2007). "Neptune: Facts Figures". NASA. O'Connor, J. J. and Robertson, E. F. (2006). "John Couch Adams' account of the discovery of Neptune". University of St Andrews. Orosz, J. A., Welsh, W. F., Carter, J. A., Brugamyer, E., Buchhave, L. A., Cochran, W. D., ... Torres, G. (2012). The Neptune-sized circumbinary planet Kepler-38b. The Astrophysical Journal, 758(2), 87. Smart, W. M. (1947). John Couch Adams and the discovery of Neptune. Popular Astronomy, 55, 301. Sumi, T., Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., Udalski, A., Batista, V., Dominik, M., ... Cook, K. (2010). A cold Neptune-mass planet OGLE-2007-BLG-368Lb: Cold Neptunes are common. The Astrophysical Journal, 710(2), 1641.

Progressive tax Essay Example

Progressive tax Essay Willard Mitt Romney, was born March 12, 1947, in Detroit. He is an American businessman who served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007. He was the Republican Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Romney was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. His parents were Lenore and George W. Romney. Mitt Romney spent two and a half years in France as a Mormon missionary starting in 1966. He married Ann Davies in 1969. They had five children. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor   of Arts degree   from Brigham Young.Also in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard. Romney than officially became involved with the business field as a career. He secured a position at Bain ;amp; Company. Later serving as its chief executive officer, he helped lead the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became o ne of the largest of its kind in the nation. Economy, everyone might wonder what mitt will do and he believes in free enterprise, hard work, and innovation. His plan consist of reduce taxes, spending, regulation, and government programs.Mitt’s plan to help The United States of America, is to increase the number in jobs. Romney plans to increase trade, energy production, human capital, and labor flexibility. With Romney in the house, Obama care would be out. Romney’s view on healthcare consist of the following: wouldn’t affect seniors or those near retirement, would not raise taxes, and support to help the pupil choose between traditional Medicare or private plans. This â€Å"Health Care† Romney speaks of will provide the same care and medicine like Medicare, but to a coverage. Mitt Romney is pro-life. He believes that all Americans have a voice, that should not be take away from them.People from whatever background know that millions and millions of abort ions happen every year. Romney would like to go to the Supreme Court and overturn Roe v. Wade. with this in mind, Romney will have each and every state have their own abortion laws. Romney will protect the Doctors, nurse, etc. of Hospitals. Meaning Saint Catherine for example, will not be giving abortions. Romney will have judges that know the choice between personal opinion and the law. Romney believes this statement.. â€Å" Why are we taking the lives of the most innocent among us† Marriage is between one woman and one man, or so believes Mitt Romney. Romney says he wants to support traditional marriage.Romney would like to propose a Federal Marriage Amendment to the Constitution defining marriage as between one man and one woman. Paul Ryan Bio Ryan was born in Janesville,Wisconsin. He was the youngest child in his family of four. his mother Elizabeth and his father Paul Murray Ryan who was a lawyer. Paul is a fifth generation. Ryan attended St. Marys Catholic in Janesvill e, where he was elected president of his junior class, and then became prom king. As class president Ryan was a representative of the student body on the school board. Following his sophomore year,   Ryan took a job working the grill at McDonalds. He was on his nighschools ski,track,and varsity soccer teams and played basketball in a Catholic recreational league.He also participated in several academic and social clubs including the Model United Nations. When he was 16, Ryan found his 55 year old father lying dead in bed of a heart attack. ISSUES: Mitt Romney Taxes Reducing and stabilizing federal spending is essential, but breathing life into the present anemic recovery will also require fixing the nation’s tax code to focus on jobs and growth. To repair the nation’s tax code, marginal rates must be brought down to stimulate entrepreneurship, job creation, and investment, while still raising the revenue needed to fund a smaller, smarter, simpler government. The prin ciple of fairness must be preserved in federal tax and spending policy. Individual TaxesAmerica’s individual tax code applies relatively high marginal tax rates on a narrow tax base. Those high rates discourage work and entrepreneurship, as well as savings and investment. With 54 percent of private sector workers employed outside of corporations, individual rates also define the incentives for job-creating businesses. Lower marginal tax rates secure for all Americans the economic gains from tax reform. * Make permanent, across-the-board 20 percent cut in marginal rates * Maintain current tax rates on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate taxes for taxpayers with AGI below $200,000 on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate the Death Tax Repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Corporate Taxes The U. S. economy’s 35 percent corporate tax rate is among the highest in the industrial world, reducing the ability of our nation’s businesses to c ompete in the global economy and to invest and create jobs at home. By limiting investment and growth, the high rate of corporate tax also hurts U. S. wages. * Cut the corporate rate to 25 percent * Strengthen and make permanent the R;amp;D tax credit * Switch to a territorial tax system * Repeal the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Romney Immigration Romney tends to emphasize border security and an immigration system that will benefit the economy.To secure the borders, Romney wants   to complete the construction of a high-tech fence along the Southern border with Mexico. He says he wants enough officers for border security, but does not specify if more, or how many, officers might be needed. Additionally, he wants to improve the exit verification system to make sure that immigrants do not overstay their temporary visas. To retain skilled workers, Romney proposes offering permanent residency status to foreign students who obtain an advanced degree in math, science or engine ering at a U. S. university. For industries that need and use temporary workers from outside the United States, Romney wants to reform the temporary worker visa system by removing requirements that slow the process of obtaining the visa.To discourage immigrants from entering the country, or staying in the country, without proper documentation, Romney would like to develop an improved employment verification system for employers to ensure that they are not hiring unauthorized immigrants. During the race for the Republican nomination, Romney argued that there would be no need to increase deportations of unauthorized immigrants because implementing a functional employment verification system would make it difficult for them to find a job and they would self deport. Romney also opposes magnets, or benefits, for unauthorized immigrants that he believes encourages immigrants to enter the country without authorization.When he was governor of Massachusetts, he vetoed a bill that would allo w in-state tuition for unauthorized immigrants and opposed drivers licenses for illegal immigrants. Romney does not support the DREAM Act, arguing that it too would be a magnet for unauthorized immigrants. He does, however, support one small part of the DREAM Act – he believes that unauthorized immigrants who were brought to the country as minors and have served in the military should be given permanent residency status. Romney has also said he would not, if elected, revoke the visas of those who obtained residency through Obamas Dream decisions. Democrats Akaka, Daniel K. (D-HI) Bingaman, Jeff (D-NM) Brown, Sherrod (D-OH)Cantwell, Maria (D-WA) Cardin, Benjamin L. (D-MD) Carper, Thomas R. (D-DE) Casey, Robert P. , Jr. (D-PA) Conrad, Kent (D-ND) Feinstein, Dianne (D-CA) Gillibrand, Kirsten E. (D-NY) Klobuchar, Amy (D-MN) Kohl, Herb (D-WI) Manchin, Joe, III (D-WV) McCaskill, Claire (D-MO) Menendez, Robert (D-NJ) Nelson, Ben (D-NE) Nelson, Bill (D-FL) Stabenow, Debbie (D-MI) Tes ter, Jon (D-MT) Webb, Jim (D-VA) Whitehouse, Sheldon (D-RI) Republicans Barrasso, John (R-WY) Brown, Scott P. (R-MA) Corker, Bob (R-TN) Hatch, Orrin G. (R-UT) Heller, Dean (R-NV) Hutchison, Kay Bailey (R-TX) Kyl, Jon (R-AZ) Lugar, Richard G. (R-IN) Snowe, Olympia J. (R-ME) Wicker, Roger F. (R-MS) IndependentsLieberman, Joseph I. (ID-CT) Sanders, Bernard (I-VT) House of Representatives of Indiana 1st Congressional District Democratic primary: Peter Visclosky: 42,219 votes Republican primary: Joel Phelps: 17,164 votes 2012 winner: Peter visclosky, Democrat 2nd Congressional District Democratic primary: Brendan Mullen: 11,218 votes Republican primary: Jackie Walorski: 46,873 votes 2012 winner: Jackie Walorski, Republican 3rd Congressional District Democratic primary: Kevin Boyd: 5,985 votes Republican primary: Marlin Stutzman: 74,812 votes 2012 winner: Marlin Stutzman, Republican 4th Congressional District Democratic primary: Tara Nelson: 7,018 votesRepublican primary: Todd Rokita: 73, 089 votes 2012 winner: Todd Rokita, Republican 5tht Congressional District Democratic primary: Scott Reske: 13,175 votes Republican primary: Susan Brooks: 31,185 votes 2012 winner: Susan Brooks, Republican 6th Congressional District Democratic primary: Brad Bookout: 8,278 votes Republican primary: Luke Messer: 32,859 votes 2012 winner: Luke Messer, Republican 7th Congressional District Democratic primary: Andre Carson: 34,782 votes Republican primary: Carlos May: 10,783 votes 2012 winner: Andre Carson, Democrat 8th Congressional District Democratic primary: Dave Crooks: 18,634 votes Republican primary: Larry Bucshon: 34,511 votes 012 winner: Larry Bucshon, Republican 9th Congressional District Democratic primary: Shelli Yoder: 13,186 votes Republican primary: Todd Young: 59,372 votes 2012 winner: Todd Young, Republican How did the debates affect the outcome of the election? The debates have a minor change on the outcome of the election. The two candidates   Mitt Romney and Barack Obama   both went   at each other in the debates. Mitt Romney who won the first election looked to be in control of the polls. President Obama came back and won both of the next two debates. Both of the candidates were going at each other about how they were going to run the country if they were elected president.President Obama won the majority of the debates and did go on to win the election. The people who watch the debates get to learn about the presidents and what they have to offer. I think that if Romney would of won the debates he still wouldve lost the election, why President Obama helps more of the middle class and poor which a lot of people need help. The single women also had a huge vote for President Obama. I think the election is based on how the candidate is going to benefit America and thats why Barack Obama won. He is going to benefit more people then Mitt Romney was. Kaelyn Czubak Juliana Cruz Jacob Bishop Larry Crisler Monday, November 19, 2012 Period 4, U. S. History OBAMA VS. ROMNEY

How To Guess if a Spanish Noun Is Masculine or Feminine

How To Guess if a Spanish Noun Is Masculine or Feminine Although it is seldom possible to predict with certainty whether a given Spanish noun is of masculine or feminine gender, Spanish has numerous guidelines that can usually be followed. Key Takeaways: Spanish Noun Gender Nouns ending in -a, -cià ³n, -à ­a, or -dad are usually feminine.Nouns ending in -o, an accented vowel, -or, or -aje are usually masculine.Names of rivers, lakes, and oceans are usually masculine; names of mountains are usually feminine. The most well-known rule or guideline is that nouns ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a are feminine, but there are numerous exceptions to this gender rule, especially for those ending in -a. Some of the exceptions are listed below. Following are some other guides to gender determination. Note that many words have definitions in addition to those listed: Feminine Suffixes Nouns ending in certain suffixes are usually feminine. They include -cià ³n (usually the equivalent of -tion), -sià ³n, -à ­a (usually the equivalent of -y, although not in the diminutive sense), -za, -dad (often used like -ty), and -itis (-itis). la nacià ³n (nation)la intervencià ³n (intervention)la hospitalizacià ³n (hospitalization)la ocasià ³n (occasion)la tensià ³n (tension)la economà ­a (economy)la taxonomà ­a (taxonomy)la probreza (poverty)la felicidad (happiness)la caridad (charity)la mastitis (mastitis)la meningitis (meningitis) Masculine Endings Nouns of Greek origin ending in -a, often -ma, are nearly always masculine. Most of these words have English cognates. el problema (problem)el drama (drama)el poema (poem)el tema (subject) Nouns ending in an accented vowel are usually masculine. el sof (sofa)el tabà º (taboo)el rubà ­ (ruby) Nouns with certain other endings are usually masculine. These include -aje (usually the equivalent of -age), -ambre, and -or. An exception is la flor (flower). el coraje (courage)el mensaje (message)el espionaje (espionage)el hambre (hunger)el calambre (cramp)el calor (heat)el dolor (pain)el interior (interior) Masculine Infinitives Infinitives used as nouns are masculine. el fumar (smoking)el cantar (singing)el viajar (traveling) Months and Days Months and days of the week are masculine. el enero (January)el septiembre (September)el martes (Tuesday)el jueves (Thursday) Letters and Numbers Letters are feminine while numbers are masculine. One way to remember this is that letra is feminine while nà ºmero is masculine. la d (d)la o (o)el siete (seven)el ciento (100) Abbreviations and Shortened Words The gender of abbreviations and acronyms typically matches the gender of the main noun of what the shortened version stands for. la ONU (the O stands for Organizacià ³n, which is feminine)los EE.UU. (United States; estados (states) is masculine)las FF.AA. (armed forces; fuerzas is feminine)la NASA (NASA; the word for agency, agencia, is feminine)el FBI (FBI; burà ³, the word for bureau, is masculine) Words that are a shorter form of another word or of a phrase retain the gender of the longer word or of the main noun in the phrase. la moto (motorcycle; the word is a shortened form of la motocicleta)la disco (disco; the word is a shortened form of la discoteca)la foto (photo; the word is a shortened form of la fotografà ­a)la bici (bicycle; the word is a shortened form of la bicicleta)un Toyota (a Toyota. The masculine may be used here as a short form of un coche Toyota, as coche, the word for car, is masculine. However, una Toyota may refer to a Toyota pickup truck, because the common word for pickup is the feminine camioneta.)la Alcatraz (the word for prison, prisià ³n, is feminine) Compound and Two-Word Nouns Compound nouns formed by following a verb with a noun are masculine. el rascacielos (skyscraper)el dragaminas (minesweeper)el guardarropa (clothes closet)el tragamondedas (slot or vending machine) Two-word nouns, which are unusual in Spanish, carry the gender of the first noun. el kilowatt hora (kilowatt-hour)el sitio web (website)el aà ±o luz (light-year)la mujer objeto (sex object)la noticia bomba (bombshell news story) Chemical Elements With the exception of la plata (silver), names of the chemical elements are masculine. el flà ºor (fluorine)el cinc (zinc)el hidrà ³geno (hydrogen) Geographical Names Names of rivers, lakes and oceans are masculine because el rà ­o, el lago and el ocà ©ano, respectively, are masculine. el Danubio (the Danube)el Amazonas (the Amazon)el Titicaca (Titicaca)el Atlntico (the Atlantic) Names of mountains are usually masculine, because el monte (mountain) is masculine. An exception is that the Rockies are usually referred to as las Rocosas or las Montaà ±as Rocosas. los Himalayas (the Himalayas)el Cervino (the Matterhorn)los Andes (the Andes) Names of islands are usually feminine because la isla (island) is feminine. las Canarias (Canary Islands)las Azores (Azores)las Antillas (West Indies) Company Names Names of companies usually are feminine, because la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a (company) is feminine, as are sociedad anà ³nima (corporation), corporacià ³n (corporation), and empresa (business). This rule is not consistently followed, however, and some well-known companies (such as Google) are referred to as either masculine or feminine. la Microsoft (Microsoft)la ExxonMobil (ExxonMobil)la Nestlà © (Nestlà ©) Imported Words The default gender for foreign words adopted into the language is masculine, but a feminine gender is sometimes acquired if theres a reason for doing so. Thus foreign nouns that end in -a sometimes become feminine, as do some words related in meaning to a Spanish feminine word. el marketing (marketing)la web (the Web or World Wide Web; the feminine is usually used because the Spanish words red and teleraà ±a, words for web and network, respectively, are feminine)el internet, la internet (both genders are used)los jeans (jeans)el rock (rock music)el software (software)el show (show)el champà º (shampoo)el bistec (beefsteak)la pizza (pizza)

The History and Invention of Pottery

The History and Invention of Pottery Of all the kinds of artifacts which may be found at archaeological sites, ceramicsobjects made from fired clayare surely one of the most useful. Ceramic artifacts are extremely durable and may last thousands of years virtually unchanged from the date of manufacture. And, ceramic artifacts, unlike stone tools, are completely person-made, shaped of clay and purposely fired. Clay figurines are known from the earliest human occupations; but clay vessels, pottery vessels used for storing, cooking and serving food, and carrying water were first manufactured in China at least 20,000 years ago. Yuchanyan and Xianrendong Caves Recently redated ceramic sherds from the Paleolithic/Neolithic cave site of Xianrendong in the Yangtse Basin of central China in Jiangxi province hold the earliest established dates, at 19,200-20,900 cal BP years ago. These pots were bag-shaped and coarse-pasted, made of local clay with inclusions of quartz and feldspar, with plain or simply decorated walls. The second oldest pottery in the world is from Hunan Province, at the karst cave of Yuchanyan. In sediments dated between 15,430 and 18,300 calendar years before the present (cal BP) were found sherds from at least two pots. One was partially constructed, and it was a wide-mouthed jar with a pointed bottom that looks very much like the Incipient Jomon pot illustrated in the photograph and about 5,000 years younger. The Yuchanyan sherds are thick (up to 2 cm) and coarsely pasted, and decorated with cord-marks on the interior and exterior walls. The Kamino Site in Japan The next earliest sherds are from the Kamino site in southwestern Japan. This site has a stone tool assemblage which appears to classify it as late Paleolithic, called Pre-ceramic in Japanese archaeology to separate it from the Lower Paleolithic cultures of Europe and the mainland. At the Kamino site in addition to a handful of potsherds were found micro blades, wedge-shaped microcores, spearheads and other artifacts similar to assemblages at Pre-ceramic sites in Japan dated between 14,000 and 16,000 years before the present (BP). This layer is stratigraphically below a securely dated Initial Jomon culture occupation of 12,000 BP. The ceramic sherds are not decorated and are very small and fragmentary. Recent thermoluminescence dating of the sherds themselves returned a 13,000-12,000 BP date. Jomon Culture Sites Ceramic sherds are also found, also in small quantities, but with a bean-impression decoration, in a half-dozen sites of the Mikoshiba-Chojukado sites of southwestern Japan, also dated to the late Pre-ceramic period. These pots are bag-shaped but somewhat pointed at the bottom, and sites with these sherds include the Odaiyamamoto and Ushirono sites, and Senpukuji Cave. Like those of the Kamino site, these sherds are also quite rare, suggesting that although the technology was known to the Late Pre-ceramic cultures, it just was not terribly useful to their nomadic lifestyle. In contrast, ceramics were very useful indeed to the Jomon peoples. In Japanese, the word Jomon means cord-mark, as in cord-marked decoration on pottery. The Jomon tradition is the name given to hunter-gatherer cultures in Japan from about 13,000 to 2500 BP, when migrating populations from the mainland brought full-time wet rice agriculture. For the entire ten millennia, the Jomon peoples used ceramic vessels for storage and cooking. Incipient Jomon ceramics are identified by patterns of lines applied onto a bag-shaped vessel. Later, as on the mainland, highly decorated vessels were also manufactured by the Jomon peoples. By 10,000 BP, the use of ceramics is found throughout mainland China, and by 5,000 BP ceramic vessels are found throughout the world, both independently invented in the Americas or spread by diffusion into the middle eastern Neolithic cultures. Porcelain and High-Fired Ceramics The first high-fired glazed ceramics were produced in China, during the  Shang  (1700-1027 BC) dynasty period. At sites such as Yinxu and Erligang, high-fired ceramics appear in the 13th-17th centuries BC. These pots were made from a local clay, washed with wood ash and fired in kilns to temperatures of between 1200 and 1225 degrees Centigrade to produce a high fired lime-based glaze. Shang and Zhou dynasty potters continued to refine the technique, testing different clays and washes, eventually leading to the development of true porcelain. See Yin, Rehren and Zheng 2011. By the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the first mass pottery manufacturing kilns were begun at the imperial  Jingdezhen  site, and the beginning of export trade of Chinese porcelain to the rest of the world opened up.   Sources Boaretto E, Wu X, Yuan J, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K, Cohen D, Jiao T, Li S et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(24):9595-9600. Chi Z, and Hung H-C. 2008. The Neolithic of Southern China–Origin, Development, and Dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47(2):299-329. Cui J, Rehren T, Lei Y, Cheng X, Jiang J, and Wu X. 2010. Western technical traditions of pottery making in Tang Dynasty China: chemical evidence from the Liquanfang Kiln site, Xian city. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(7):1502-1509. Cui JF, Lei Y, Jin ZB, Huang BL, and Wu XH. 2009. Lead Isotope Analysis Of Tang Sancai Pottery Glazes From Gongyi Kiln, Henan Province And Huangbao Kiln, Shaanxi Province. Archaeometry 52(4):597-604. Demeter F, Sayavongkhamdy T, Patole-Edoumba E, Coupey A-S, Bacon A-M, De Vos J, Tougard C, Bouasisengpaseuth B, Sichanthongtip P, and Duringer P. 2009. Tam Hang Rockshelter: Preliminary Study of a Prehistoric Site in Northern Laos. Asian Perspectives 48(2):291-308. Liu L, Chen X, and Li B. 2007. Non-state crafts in the early Chinese state: an archaeological view from the Erlitou hinterland. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 27:93-102. Lu TL-D. 2011. Early pottery in south China. Asian Perspectives 49(1):1-42. Mà ©ry S, Anderson P, Inizan M-L, Lechevallier, Monique, and Pelegrin J. 2007. A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at Nausharo (Indus Journal of Archaeological Science 34:1098-1116.civilisation, ca. 2500 BC). Prendergast ME, Yuan J, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(4):1027-1037. Shennan SJ, and Wilkinson JR. 2001. Ceramic Style Change and Neutral Evolution: A Case Study from Neolithic Europe. American Antiquity 66(4):5477-5594. Wang W-M, Ding J-L, Shu J-W, and Chen W. 2010. Exploration of early rice farming in China. Quaternary International 227(1):22-28. Yang X-Y, Kadereit A, Wagner GA, Wagner I, and Zhang J-Z. 2005. TL and IRSL dating of Jiahu relics and sediments: clue of 7th millennium BC civilization in central China. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(7):1045-1051. Yin M, Rehren T, and Zheng J. 2011. The earliest high-fired glazed ceramics in China: the composition of the proto-porcelain from Zhejiang during the Shang and Zhou periods (c. 1700-221 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science 38(9):2352-2365.

Macca and Madina Revelation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macca and Madina Revelation - Essay Example Discussion The Mecca sanctuary lies in the SW region of the Modern day Saudi Arabia, close to the Red Sea. Many years prior the emergence of Islamic Religion, the city served as the fundamental, trade, socio-cultural and evangelistic House for all communities in Arabic world. Mecca City gave rise to the most prominent antichrist ever to exist in the last over two thousand years) and to the Islamic religion. It became the epitome of Islamic territory and the main dwelling palace of Allah. Therefore, and hence then, Mecca sanctuary attained its title â€Å"almadina almukarrama† (a sacred and bountiful city). All Muslims should direct their players to the sanctuary and Ka’ba, Mecca’s shrine. Similarly, it is Muslims obligation and a fundamental five aspects of Islamic doctrine to go to the prayer center once in the course of their living age. Additionally non-believers are restricted to touch the sacred Mecca soil, and if one touches it, the law states that he shoul d be sentenced to death, (Nomachi and Seyyed 85). Mecca is a popularly known sacred center and Islamic religious universe. Mecca is a sanctified preservation recommended for believers and is humanity guidance. Mecca is an indisputable memorial (of the guidance of God), a holy place where Abraham prayed, and every person who enters Mecca is safe. Humanity has a Hajji or excursion obligation unto the creator to the center. The Islamic holy book, Koran states that every person who enters the sacred Mecca is safe and believers should not harm or interfere with people going to the city for pilgrimage, (Shahrukh 25). According to Islamic traditions, even criminals are safe from the penalty and imprisonment inside the sanctuary. The safeguarded reputation of the sanctuary and the inviolability of the city are further reinforced historically in that all over the period of drastic warfare amid Medina Muslims, and Meccan pagans, the sanctuary of Mecca was exempted from struggles and bloodshed within its quarters. Similarly, when Mecca was lastly captured, about 8 years after the departure of Muhammad and his believers, the city was a nearly bloodless conquest. Significance of the city to Muslims The significance of the city for Muslims believers is irrefutable, and all Muslims around the world must pray at least five times daily facing Mecca’s shrine, Ka’ba. Additionally, a pilgrimage to the city is a requirement for all believers who can afford a tour to the city as a crucial aspect of the five faith pillars. Every year more than 3m people gather for main Hajj (pilgrimage) during the Dhu’l-Hijja Muslim month, and others perform Umrah (a minor pilgrimage) at diverse periods in the year, (Locate 36). Some non-Muslims have witnessed Hajji Rituals and rites, as they are mainly restricted from entering sacred Medina and Mecca cities. Several roadblocks are designed along the pathways and roads heading to Mecca to prevent non-Muslim entry. The popular no n-Muslim case entering the sanctuary was that of Richard Burton, a traveler from Britain, exploration in 1853. Sir Richard camouflaged himself as an Islamic believer from Afghanistan to enter and draft unique excursion story to both Mecca sanctuary and Medina. Muslim believes that the primary center of Mecca

Roles of School Administrator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roles of School Administrator - Essay Example An administrator should prioritize through zeroing on the most integral activities for bringing all learners to high levels of achievement. This can be done by setting clear expectations, deciding on a planning system, and taking stock of the daily school operations in order to determine the most urgent and effective (Hopkins, 2000). Administrators should ensure they build a positive aspects of the teaching ability of the teachers. This is important because it helps them to know where teachers should improve. The objective should be to create a relationship with all faculty members through offering advice and ideas on the way to improve wherever refinement is needed. The staff should always be encouraged to find a better way and continue in their pursuit of quality education. It is vital that an administrator keeps proper record so that each time a faculty is conducted, it should be noted on the date and a brief summary of the observation. This helps in cases where a teacher has areas of inadequacy and refuses to make improvements in those areas (Hopkins,

Study of Teachers Essay Example for Free

Study of Teachers Essay Teaching profession is always looked up as a noble and respectful occupation because the teachers impart knowledge for the nation. Something cliche, without them there would not be any doctors, engineers, astronauts, politicians and the list goes on. However, how many people realise that there are countless of obstacles in becoming an effective teacher? I will be discussing on todays apparent phenomena that involves the reality in teaching in our very own beloved country, Malaysia. Teachers face challenges in the school when they do not receive co-operation from the parents. It is obvious that parents support can be shown through the simplest action of attending the schools Parent Teacher Association meeting, providing generous amount of financial support for school fund, and supporting the effort of the school towards betterment. However, lately it has been reported in the national mass media about parents complaints and dissatisfaction towards teachers approach in punishing their children. The issue that raised their concern involved the way teachers exert punishment at school. In fact, some of them lodged police report and even filed a law suit on teachers. Compared to the good old days, parents allow teachers to apply any kind of punishment towards their children so they would be well educated and disciplined. Besides, there are parents who complain when they need to provide extra support which usually involves little amount of money to improve the quality of their childrens education at school. In addition, disciplinary problem, which is not a tale, really happens in school and the people who are involved are the students. Therefore, all of us have to be alert of students disciplinary problems that are becoming uncontrollable because students go to the extreme when they are involved in truancy, gangsterism, vandalism, attitude problem, disrespectful and other critical unthinkable behaviour problems. Parental guidance is very important because a child naturally observes and imitate the adults actions. However, when the students are at school, the adults who these teenagers are with are the teachers, while the parents attend work or complete house chores. It is relevant to add that peer pressure also adds up to the present disciplinary problems because they are easily influenced at this stage where they are in search for self-identity. The students who are less concerned about gaining knowledge usually lose their main objective of attending school. I will not say that their actions reflect their parents attitude and behaviour for this one reason. In my opinion, some overinvolved or uninvolved parents do not really know their children. The students wear different masks at home and at school, which means that they behave differently at home and at school. Hence, teachers are to be solely blamed when their children are punished or shall I say, literarily abused by the teachers when they commit disciplinary problem. How funny is that? If parents themselves are not convinved of the capability of the school as a whole, it is certainly impossible to successfully improve our countrys education system. The question to be asked here is why are the parents behaving weirdly? In relation to the countrys effort towards paradigm shift and global thinking, it is indeed surprising to witness some citizens who still lack of general knowledge and self-awareness although our country has been independent since year 1957. Anyhow, I am not 100% blaming the parents for this happening but these are some of the truths in our developing country. The next point is that being a teacher requires the person to be physically and psychologically ready to carry the idealistic image of a teacher. Once a person is a teacher, he or she is automatically seen as a role model. In other words, the teachers have to fulfill the expectations and demands from the public in terms of the specific way that teachers should behave, present themselves, and to some extent, pretend to be the figures that they are expected to be. Believe it or not, it happens. Practice what you preach made a discipline teacher at my previous school trimmed his hair until there was almost completely none because he wanted to show the right example to the fellow students. People should bear in mind that teachers are homosapiens that live like others of their kind. It means that they have their own daily routines to deal with such as themselves, family, friends, society and the environment. In this case, a teacher is always a teacher no matter if he or she is inside or outside the educational settings. Teachers are usually aware of the roles that they will play once they have decided to end up in this profession. Therefore, even if the teacher does not want it to happen, they have no other options but to accept the fact that they are public figures, in a way or so. It is not so bad afterall because teaching is very rewarding once the teachers discover that their students excel in their academics and succeed in their life as individuals who are able to contribute to the community. It would take years and centuries for an effective teacher to be forgotten by the students, considering their performance at school. Teaching should never be a last resort for desperate unhired post-graduates who are job hunting nor does it should be seen as a relaxing job because of the short working hours compared to other government professions. For example, the Malaysian government has introduced the Post-Graduate Teaching Course (Kursus Perguruan Lepasan Ijazah) to train the post-graduates for the teaching world. So now the questions are, What makes us so sure that they are really interested in teaching? and Are effective teachers born or made? . There are certain qualities and favourable types of personality that teachers should possess. I did a research on how students view teachers personality and classroom management in Malaysian secondary school. It was found that 90 out of 115 respondents (78%) mentioned that they are able to notice when teachers are not interested to teach in the classroom. Majority of the respondents agreed that they are able to do so by looking at teachers’ facial expressions and teaching style. In my personal opinion, we should never just let any individuals without sufficient knowledge and suitable personality to be a teacher. Students are not guinea pigs that should be constantly used in this kind of experiment, because this would imply a bad perspective on the teaching profession itself. Furthermore, students are able to think for themselves. If our education sector lacks of quality manpower in the teaching profession, try looking again because there are many other qualified candidates who are sincerely wanting to work with the children genuinely. Next, where on earth do people get the idea that teaching is a getaway or escapism to a more relaxing occupation. Todays teachers are not like yesterdays teachers, I am not being judgmental but it is apparent nowadays that teachers carry more responsibilities or burden, depending on how they perceive their tasks. Furthermore, they do not just have to teach but they  are given other responsibilities in the school administration too. I could still remember having a separate conversation with two different teachers in a school during practicum. The first teacher mentioned that teaching has now become the second importance for her after other school related activities because she has to handle co-curricular activities, school administrative work and other workloads. The next teacher who will be retiring in a few years mentioned that her passion level for teaching has decreased for the increase of new responsibilities in school other than teaching. Moreover, in todays globalisation world, teachers are required to get in touch with new technology, new knowledge and new skills to be incorporated in the classroom as well as for self-improvement. An example would be the ability to utilise the computer and the internet resources to assist them in teaching. They are very fortunate because the government is also providing them with free laptops to assist them in their work, and hopefully they are able to utilise them to their fullest. Several years ago, my friend whose mother is a teacher asked for my clarification if I really want to take up the teaching course because from her observation, all her mother does was basically routine work. Besides that, a tuition teacher expressed his surprise when I told him the same thing. Previously, I mentioned that teaching is indeed a noble job, and now whats with this clarification and surprise? It is not so bad afterall, isnt it? Maybe it should be mentioned over and over again that once a person becomes a teacher, he or she does not need to dream too much in changing the system. After few years they will be going with the flow and if they survive, thank God, whereas if they drown, just follow the light at the end of the tunnel. In other words, teachers still have to follow what the Ministry of Education has planned for the schools. In my Professional Development class discussion, I found out that not many educators are up there in the ministry to implement the changes and development in education. I think that we need real people who deal with the real school experience to be making the decisions in improving the school system. There was once an issue about placing the Excellent Teachers (Guru Cemerlang) in the Ministry of Education because it would shake the performance of the students and the school once they left. They should then be remained in the same school to benefit the teacher and students by sharing their ideas, experiences and knowledge so that they can improve. I hope to see that my country has a well structured plan that is workable, so that precious time for planning is saved and the people can start progressing instead of lagging behind, wondering about the already knowns. We have built the tallest building, became the best host for the Commonwealth Games, we claimed ourselves as a global community and there is no doubt that we should be able to improve our approaches in improving the educational system. In conclusion, teachers in Malaysia still face many kind of obstacles in this profession. In fact, teachers from all around the world might face the similar obstacles in the profession. The responsibilities, expectations, issues and happenings that relate to teachers really exist. Teachers play an important role in the society thus, everyone in the country should be aware of their contributions to the improvement of our national standard of education. Innovations IN THE CLASSROOM Efforts to make learning more interactive and more fun for students appear promising, but it may be too soon to judge if they are positively impacting childrens performance in standard tests and surveys. Meanwhile, teachers complain that these efforts have added to their already heavy burden. Padmalatha Ravi reports. 11 January 2007 The census of 2000-01 showed that the dropout rate from schools in Karnataka stood at 10. 5%. One of the main reasons cited for the dropouts was that teaching methods used in the schools are archaic, and do not sufficiently motivate students to remain in class. Educationists say that in addition to outdated teaching methods, inadequate teaching learning material (TLM) and laboratory equipment are also factors that contribute to dropouts. Taking heed of these observations the state government decided to revamp the education system in the state-run schools. Educationists and teachers were roped in to devise new teaching methods. An interesting curriculum, along with interactive learning, was the new mantra adopted. Chaitanya a special programme to train the teachers in adopting new interactive teaching methods, was designed. Chaitanya was an extension of the Nali Kali or joyful learning programme that was tested successfully in some of the schools in Heggadedevana Kote taluk in Mysore. Nali Kali was a collaborative effort of the state government and UNICEF. Both these programmes stress interactive learning methods. The teachers use colourful charts and stories to explain concepts from the textbooks. Picture: Students listening to a radio programme in a government school in Hebbagodi, near Bangalore. More than 50,000 teachers have undergone training under the Chaitanya programme in the last four years. Both primary and higher secondary students have benefited as a result. Dr. T Padmini, a retired Head of the Department of Education at Mysore University, who was part of the Chaitanyas design team says The states intended curriculum is very well designed, so what we needed was a child friendly way of teaching it. Boring teaching methods can cause cumulative deficiencies of interest in children, which may lead to dropouts. The Chaitanya programme teaches teachers to use stories, songs and even drama to teach concepts. Alongside government action, NGOs too are leading from the front in interactive learning. Pratham, in Mysore, is promoting Universal Elementary Education (UEE) by partnering with the Department of Public Instruction. The organisation works with government schools in the slums of the city. They run Balawadi and Balasakhi programmes in these areas. The Balawadi programme prepares children for formal education using play-way methods, ensuring the children enjoy their school-going experience. Balasakhi is a remedial education programme, in which the NGO appoints a special teacher at the government school who aids the children in learning languages and mathematics using the special packages developed by Pratham. The government also introduced the trimester system to reduce the burden on the students. †¢ An instruction set for teachers Mr. Chandrashekar, principal of government higher secondary school in Mysore says Prathams intervention has been very useful for us. The children have fun learning Kannada and arithmetic and because of that it becomes easier for us to teach them what is in the syllabus. The children too like the new way of learning. Salman, a Class 4 student from Mysore, says addition and subtraction is more fun now. Earlier I was scared of arithmetic problems. The language kit developed by Pratham along with Dr. Padmini is hot favourite among parents too. They say it is especially helpful to students who dont speak Kannada at home but have to learn it in school. The new method however is not without problems. Teachers say it has increased the burden on teachers. Meera Bai, headmistress of Sri Ramakrishna Education Society, Bangalore says It is true that the new method is good for students but we have to spend a great deal more time on preparing for the lessons and evaluating them. Giving individual attention becomes very difficult when there are more than 40 students in each class. Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? This particular question strikes me every time when I read something about India’s education system. I see India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. Let me inform you about certain startling facts. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productive employment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. I wouldn’t be laying too much emphasis on the drawbacks of India’s public education system because it has been an issue well debated over in the past and the main flaws have already been pointed out before. I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient in government schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated people. Let me illustrate this with the help of an example: Let us take P be an individual who has had no primary or higher education. His human capital is zero and hence it bears no returns. Let Q be an individual who completed his MBA from S. P Jain college and let R be an individual who completed his MBA from IIM Ahmadabad. The average rate of return for an MBA student is 7. 5% (hypothetical). Q gets a rate of return of 5% and R gets a rate of return of 10% due to the difference in the reputation and quality of the management school. Let the income of P, Q and R be 1. In a period of 10 years, P will be having the same income as he does not possess human capital. For the same time period Q will earn an income of (1+0. 05)^10=1. 63 and R will earn an income of (1+0. 10)^10=2. 59. Now lets see what happens when the rate of return on human capital doubles. Earnings of P will not change since he does not have any human capital. Now Q is going to earn (1+0. 10)^10=1. 63 and R is going to earn (1+0. 20)^10=6. 19. Flabbergasting! As soon as return on human capital increases proportionately income inequality increases. With return on human capital doubling, Q’S income increases by 59% and R’s income increases by 139%. The above example just shows the effect of the quality of human capital n income inequality. So if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. High School Teacher Requirements Prospective high school teachers should enroll in a bachelors degree program in secondary education with an area of concentration in the subject that they wish to teach. Alternatively, aspiring high school teachers may major in their content area and minor in secondary education. Most undergraduate programs in secondary education prepare students for licensure in the state in which the program is accredited. Students usually complete a student teaching requirement as part of the curriculum. High school teachers instruct students in subjects such as mathematics, history, English and science through classroom discussions, lectures and other methods. Also known as secondary school teachers, high school teachers evaluate a students progress in a subject through examinations and coursework. An individual interested in becoming a high school teacher needs to be proficient not only in the subject matter, but also in the administrative and technological aspects of the classroom. Teachers should also be able to communicate effectively with parents, students, and other staff members. Listed below are common requirements for becoming a high school teacher: Common Requirements Degree Level Bachelors degree* Degree Field Secondary education with a minor in subject area teaching or  major in subject area with a minor in education (also sometimes called a teacher education program). * Licensure and Certification Secondary or high school certification; private schools dont require licensure* Experience Student or mentorship teaching to obtain licensure* Key Skills Passion and a dynamic approach to the subject matter; ability to retain names; flexible teaching approaches specified to each students needs; coaching and development techniques; high level of organization*** Computer SkillsMaintaining a website and/or managing online discussion boards may be required**; instructional and video editing software*** Technical Skills Proficient in use of films/slides, overheads and other projectors and/or video cassette players and recorders, as well as photocopiers, scanners and other commonly used office equipment*** Additional Requirements Background checks Sources: *Teach. org, **U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ***O*Net Online. Step 1: Complete a Bachelors Degree and Teacher Preparation Program State requirements or preferred degree programs can vary. Generally, students will complete a major in the subject area they intend to teach with a minor in education or with concurrent enrollment in a teacher preparation program. However, some schools have students major in secondary education and minor in the particular subject area in which they plan to teach. Whether a student is enrolled in a teacher preparation program or another type of education degree, they generally complete a student teaching or mentorship teaching component in the program. Success Tips: Participate in internship and student teaching opportunities. Most teacher preparation programs (and their varying forms/names) include student teaching; however, there will likely be additional opportunities to gain field experience or complete volunteer work through the school or community. Students should consider these opportunities to gain an understanding of the subject matter as well as to round out and populate their resume for obtaining positions after graduation. Become a tutor. Students who show a proficiency in subject areas, demonstrated by grades in related classes and cumulative GPA, are likely eligible to tutor these subjects through the school or university. These positions are often paid and students can specialize in one subject area or tutor in several. Complete an alternative teacher program if applicable. Alternative teacher programs generally take 1-2 years to complete and are available to students who already possess a bachelors degree that is closely related to the subject area in which he or she wishes to teach. This can be an expedited route to begin teaching for students who already hold a relevant bachelors degree. Step 2: Earn Teaching Credentials  After bachelors degree attainment, there are additional exams and requirements necessary to complete in order for a student to obtain his or her initial teaching credentials. These also vary by state. Generally, the student will have a basic skills exam in addition to an exam specified to the subject in which they intend to teach. These test scores in conjunction with transcripts showing completion of the bachelors degree and teacher prep program as well as state and federal background checks must be submitted with a completed application to the State Board of Education. States also require teachers to complete several requirements to obtain permanent credentials. This can include additional coursework, exams and tests. Some teachers may be required to earn a masters degree, as well as a minimum amount of teaching experience. Success Tips: Complete additional coursework requirements online. There are online and hybrid online/on-campus courses available to complete state requirements for permanent credentials. This includes masters degree programs. Use development resources. Most teachers associations offer programs that teachers can utilize to gain additional teaching techniques and other skills in addition to staying current on technology commonly used in the classroom. Step 3: Pursue Voluntary Certification  According to the BLS, pursuing additional credentials, such as those offered by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS), can increase job prospects for teachers. The NBPTS offers the National Board Certification, which is an advanced teaching credential. These certificates are available in a variety of areas, including health, library media, mathematics, physical education and science, for secondary teachers. Teacher workload In high schools, it is important to consider not only the number of students per class but the nature of the class, and the subject the teacher is teaching. For example, a math teacher might have no problem teaching an advanced math class, or several math classes, with 35-40 students. But an English teacher teaching four classes of 40 students would probably not be able to give the proper attention to written assignments from that many students, and might not give as many assignments because of the large number of students. Team teaching Some schools might have classes of 40 taught by a team of two teachers. The class size by itself is not necessarily an indication of the attention students are getting. Volunteers Some schools effectively use parents and upper-grade students as volunteers in the classroom. This type of instructional help may not appear in a schools data about class size. Teaching Methods in Indian Schools. An understanding of modern less formal methods of teaching is greatly needed in the Indian Service. Indian schools should at least reach the level of better public schools in this respect. This is especially necessary because the best modern teaching, especially with young children, takes into account the kind of personality problems that are basic in the education of Indians. Need for Knowledge of Modern Methods. Although there are some striking exceptions, principals and teachers in Indian schools as a rule are not acquainted with modern developments in teaching, though educational leave has brought some improvement. The impression a visitor almost inevitably gets upon entering the classroom of an Indian school is that here is a survival of methods and schoolroom organization belonging in the main to a former period. The nailed-down desks, in rows; the old-type recitation; the unnatural formality between teacher and pupil, the use of mechanistic words and devices, as class rise ! , class pass!; the lack of enriching materials, such as reading books and out-of-doors material, all suggest a type of school-keeping that still exists, of course, but has been greatly modified in most modern school systems, if not abandoned altogether, as the result of what has been made known in the past twenty-five years about learning and behavior. This condition is, of course, only what one would expect from what has already been said about personnel. If methods of teaching in Indian schools, with a few conspicuous exceptions, are old-fashioned, without, for the most part, the redeeming quality of thoroughness that some of the old-time teaching is supposed to have had, it is due almost entirely to the lack of training standards and professional personnel. An encouraging feature of the situation is that here and there one does find interesting and successful efforts to get away from the formal and routine in teaching; a first-grade teacher trained under Montessori getting a delightful spontaneous activity out of her little Indian children; young college women coming back from a summer-session demonstration school touched with the newer way and struggling to put the new ideas into practice; Still other teachers using the Indian interest and talent in art to give Indians a creative opportunity; a principal and group of boarding school teachers demonstrating that Navajo children, proverbially so shy that they hang their heads and will not speak in the presence of visitors, can in a few short months, with the abandonment of the stiff furniture and stiffer military routine characteristic of government boarding schools, become as lively human beings as any white children. These suggest the possibilities if personnel can be improved, if teachers can be helped by supervisors and staff specialists who know better methods, and if every effort is made to keep the education of the Indian in the stream of modern education development instead of isolated from it. Study of the Individual Child. Perhaps the most characteristic fact about modern education is the attention given to study of the individual child and the effort to meet his needs. This is the real justification for intelligence testing and for the whole measurement movement. Given more knowledge on the part of the school and teacher of the health of the child, of his abilities, of the home conditions from which he comes, it should be possible to help him more satisfactorily to capitalize on what he has for his own sake and for the sake of society. So little measurement work has been done in government Indian schools that one danger in the measurement movement has not developed to any extent, but it needs to be borne in mind: Testing, particularly intelligence testing, should never be used in a school as a means of denying opportunity, but only as a means of directing opportunities more wisely. Most of the talk about some Indian children not being worthy of an education beyond the grades is indefensible. It is based on a misconception of the reason why society furnishes schooling at all. Discovery of low mental ability in any child, white or Indian, no more relieves society of the responsibility of educating him than diagnosis of a weak heart by a physician would relieve society from giving the person thus diagnosed a chance at life—in both cases the diagnosis becomes the first step in a process of improvement.

President Bushs War on Iraq Essay examples -- Argumentative Persuasiv

President Bush's War on Iraq Introduction: Since the war on Iraq began on March 20, 2003, at least 1,402 coalition troops have died and 9,326 U.S. troops have been wounded in action. This is no small number and the count grows daily. One would hope, then, that these men and women were sent to war with just cause and as a last resort. However, as the cloud of apprehension and rhetoric surrounding the war has begun to settle, it has become clear that the Bush administration relied on deeply flawed analyses to make its case for war to the United Nations and to the American people, rushing this country, and its soldiers, into war. This is not to say that this war was waged against a blameless regime or that our soldiers have died in vain. Rather, that the Bush administration took advantage of the vulnerability and solidarity of the American people following the attacks of September 11 to create an environment in which any scrutiny of the justifications given for war was deemed unpatriotic and a threat to our nation’s security. In this way, the war, and Bush’s bid to maintain power through the 2004 election, went forward despite evidence that the reasoning behind going to war was, at best, misleading. The Case for War: The case for war put forward by the Bush administration rested on the establishment of Iraq as an imminent threat to the United States’ national security (see Table 1), which could only be lessened by attacking Iraq and toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime. In outlining the Iraqi threat, the Bush administration brought together two incidents—the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda and U.N. efforts to disarm Iraq following the Gulf War—which in reality had nothing to do with one another. The logic went ... ...ushed forth their own war by misleading the American public into believing an Iraqi threat was imminent and by taking advantage of the willingness of the American people to find strength in their American identity following the attacks of September 11. In such a climate, the path to war was not laid down by reason or necessity, but by the hawkish vision of those in power, who by coupling fear and nationalistic sentiments with a questionable body of intelligence, convinced the majority of the American people and their elected representatives that the time for war was now and the cause of war was just. In the face of such self-serving leadership, it is up to the American people to take back their democracy. The first step is to rekindle the spirit behind Thomas Paine’s reflection, â€Å"It is the responsibility of the patriot to protect his country from its government.†

Motivation at Panasonic Essay

Motivation at Panasonic Introduction Panasonic is very huge and world famous corporation. Panasonic is much more than a well-known brand name. It stands for the depth and diversity of our research capabilities, manufacturing expertise and product selection. It stands for the advanced technology of products, from easy-to-use consumer goods to sophisticated medical, broadcast, business and industrial systems. Visit the Panasonic Web site (http://www. panasonic. com) and you’ll quickly see the broad range of consumer, business, industrial and broadcast products offered. Business customers, seeing this wide range of expertise, have asked us to provide entire system wide solutions for all their electronics needs. Our engineers are rising to the challenge. The demand for this â€Å"one-stop shopping† is becoming a major growth area for the company as technology becomes more sophisticated and omnipresent. No matter if it’s a giant hotel, a stadium or a major metropolitan transit system, Panasonic is meeting customers’ needs. The research Question What motivate customers? What motivate employees and supervisor? How could this theory help you motivate the various individuals who work for you? How could you encourage the need for achievement in others? What are some of the difficulties in attempting to motivate high –NACH individuals in organizations? What evidence exits for the use of various types of reinforcement, vicarious learning, and self-control? What makes people kill others? There are questions that are unclear in many minds. Through this research, it is hope that the readers likewise will have a clearer view and understanding of motivations. Methodology The university library has very limited materials available for research purposes, and internet resource is not enough. For this reason and for fact that the scope of this research is limited to motivation, the research only used resources available. Literature search How to define motivation To define what motivation is, let us begin by point out what motivation isn’t. Why? Because many people incorrectly view motivation as a persona trait, that is, they think that some have it and others don’t. In practice, this attitude would characterize the manager who labels a certain employees as unmotivated. Our knowledge of motivation, though, tells us that people can’t be labeled in this way. What we know is that motivation is the result of the interaction between the individual and situation. Certainly, individuals differ in motivational drive, but an individual’s motivation varies from situation to situation. As we analyze varies both between individuals and with individuals at different times We’ll define motivation as the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. Although general motivation refers to effort toward any goal, here it will refer to organizational goals because our focus is on work-related behavior. The three key elements in our definition are effort organizational goals, and needs. Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need. The motivation process begins with an unsatisfied need, which creates tension and drives an individual to search for goals that, if attained, will satisfy the need and reduce the tension. Motivation is the forces that energizes behavior, give direction to behavior, and underlines the tendency to persist. It is an internal force. NO one can really measure it; even the person involved himself or herself. How we measure motivation is by simply watching the behavior, actions, and performances of the people in their search for fulfillment towards their goals. These actual performances are likely to be a function of their own abilities, motivations, and working conditions of their environments. Motives are dynamic and they are constantly changing as a result of the rise and fall of a motive’s importance as it is satisfied or not. Dr. Abraham Maslow The best known theory of motivation is probably psychologist Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. He stated that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs. Physiological needs . This most basic level of Dr. Maslow’s hierarchy includes the needs for food, water, sleep, oxygen, warmth, and freedom from pain. If these needs are unsatisfied, an individual’s actions will be dominated by attempts to fulfill them. If these needs are sufficiently met, the second set of needs will emerge. Safety needs. These needs relate to obtaining a secure environment in which an individual is free from threats. It includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm Social needs. The third set needs include the need for affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. Esteem needs. Internal esteem factors such as self respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention. Self-actualization needs. Growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. As each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant. From a motivation viewpoint, the theory says that, although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. If you want to motivate someone, according to MASLOW, you need to understand where that person is in the hierarchy and focus on satisfying needs at or above that level. MASLOW’S need theory has received wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers. Its popularity can be attributed to the theory’s intuitive logic and ease of understanding. David McClelland David McClelland and others have proposed the three-needs theory, which maintains that there are three major relevant motivates or needs in work situations: Need for achievement(NACH) , Need for power(NPOW) , Need for affiliation(NAFF). Some people have a compelling drive to succeed, but they are striving for personal achievement rather than for the rewards of success per se (NACH). They have a desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has been done before. This drive is the need for achievement. From research concerning the achievement need, McClelland found that high achievers differentiate themselves from others by their desire to do things better. They seek solutions in which they can attain personal responsibility for back on their performance in order to tell whether they are improving or not, and in which they can set moderately challenging goals . High achievers are not gamblers; they dislike succeeding by chance. They prefer the challenges of working at a problem and accepting the actions of others. An important point is that they avoid what they perceive to be very easy or very difficult tasks. The need for power is the desire to have impact and to influential. Individuals high in NPOW enjoy being â€Å"in charge†, strive for influence over others, and prefer to be in competitive and status-oriented situations. The third need isolated by McClelland is affiliation (NAFF), which is the desire to be liked and accepted by others. This need has received the least attention by researchers. Individuals with high NAFF strive for friendships, prefer cooperative situations rather than competitive ones, and desire relationships involving a high degree of mutual understanding. Mr. McClelland proposed that a culture’s growth is due to level of need for achievement inherent in its population. His research indicates that increases in the level of need for achievement precede increases in economic activity. He also proposed that achievement motivation can enhanced in adults who others lack high level. Adams’s theory Employees don’t work in a vacuum. They make comparisons. If someone offered you $60,000 a year on your first job upon graduation from college, you would probably grab the offer and report to work enthusiastic and certainly satisfied with your pay. How would you react if you found out a month or so into the job that coworker -another recent graduate, your age, with comparable grades from a comparable college -was getting $70,000a year? You probably would be upset! Even though, in absolute terms, $60,000 is a lot of for a new graduate to make, that suddenly would not be the issue. The issue would now center on relative rewards and what you believe is fair. There is considerable evidence that employees make comparison of their job inputs and outcomes relative to others and that inequities influence the degree of effort that employees exert. Developed by J. Stacey Adams , equity theory says that employees perceive what they get from a job situation (outcomes) in relation to what they put into it (inputs) and then compare their inputs -outcomes ration with the inputs-outcomes rations of relevant others. Worker will balance the input and out put in different way. Such as 1Change their own perception 2Change other’s inputs or outputs Change our own inputs or outputs 4Choose another comparator 5Quit job. Reward System Motivating employees can be through extrinsic rewards which come form sources that are outside and intrinsic rewards which are more accurately characterized as self administered, arising form within the person. More specifically, motivating different employees are done differently. Motivating professionals differ from mo tivating contingent workers, motivating volunteer differ from motivating temporary employees. The professional employees are usually university graduates. They receive intrinsic satisfaction from their work. They are differing from non professionals. They have long term commitment with their field of expertise. They are loyal to their profession and not to their employees. They need regular update of their knowledge. They are well paid and enjoying what they do. The contingent employee would be more interest in having an opportunity to get a permanent job than anything else. They work contingent, if the company now are lack of secretary, then they must do the job as secretary; if the company need operators, then they must do the job as operators, they are not the formal employees in the company. The hours volunteers give to make programs and special events successful, and the fundraising contact they have with your donor base, make them key spokespersons. Volunteers can be your organization’s strongest recruiters, whether for additional volunteers, or for financial contributions. The most credible source of information within your organization to someone without any personal knowledge of it, volunteers must be informed and up-to-date about your organization’s mission, projects and plans. They need support and feedback. The temporary employees enter into a new company, whether it is for a few hours or a few weeks, they are naturally unsure and uncomfortable with the new environment. They are adapting to new and different management styles and are challenged by assuming somebody else’s responsibilities. Temporary employees are not second hand employees. Many choose to be a temporary employee for flexibility, variety of work experience, and mobility or are looking for permanent work in a company of choice. They have their own professional goals and are there to make things easier for your company. They are motivated by respect of others. Motivation at Panasonic The researcher will talk about motivation at Panasonic from two aspects. 1. Motivating employees The employees at Panasonic are only of two kinds: the supervisor and the employees. The supervisors are likewise well chose, and promoted from its own company, they must at least be university graduate and have rich experience. As supervisors, they set good examples to all their subordinates. They are very professional and mainly are old man, so the motivators to them are not money any more; they want esteem, the accepted of others. The employees are almost young and have very little experience, they want training to make them become stronger and also money to give their parents, even support their family. They also need to be treat equity, and need the understanding of managers; they want to feel managers keep an eye on them 2. Motivating customers The Panasonic are also taking some actions to motivate customers. The customers of Panasonic are mainly two kinds: Government purchasing officials and the user community. Why the customers want buy Panasonic products, because the high quality, good service, and the world famous brand, the good grantees. More importantly, Panasonic stands for a commitment to quality, value and innovation. In North America, this commitment is backed up by employees working in research and development centers from California’s Silicon Valley to Video Valley in New Jersey, state-of-the-art manufacturing plants, one of the country’s largest customer call centers in Virginia and sales and service organizations that deal with the public and business-to-business relationships in nearly every state. In all of our dealings, the customer is always first. This was our bedrock philosophy through the 20th century and it will carry us through the 21st century. Panasonic always make customers satisfied. Analysis and Interpretation Motivation helps people attain their goals and objectives easily. All people have motivation in doing anything, whether it is for a good cause, an ambition or a bad thing. Many times people don’t know their motivation in doing what they’re doing because they are simply following some unwritten rule of the society or that of they are simply following the wishes of others. At Panasonic, there are two aspects that motivate employees. How to motivate them? 1. The Panasonic itself as a large world famous corporation. Panasonic has very good organizational culture. At Panasonic, the working condition is pretty good, the salary is tie to the performance, the employees have equal chance to be promoted, and the outstanding persons at Panasonic will have chance to self-actualizations. â€Å"The reason I stay, is not they particularly enjoy the actual work that I do is because of the company. They all know, from experience and through exposure, that there are few companies out there that treat their employees as well as Panasonic. † One employee at Panasonic said. People and the Environment they work in are the reasons why they stay at their organization. Often people will dislike their work or the product, but they will remain at an organization because of the people they work with all week. Great companies create a home for their employees. No one wants to leave a nest where one is cared for and a part of a â€Å"family. † As one employee commented, â€Å"My current job satisfaction is the people! I love everyone I work with. This company has gone out of its way to create the perfect â€Å"culture† of people to work with. † 2. Motivation is about making an employee feel valuable. Provide a valuable salary to your employees for the value they deserve and for the void you would feel if they were to leave. You make efforts to make them feel valued as an employee in your organization and they will most likely feel valuable and appreciated. Run incentive and reward programs. Make the investment to organize and rally the troops around a goal and reward them for their efforts. They want to know they are being invested in as much as they are investing their time and talents in the company. In conclusion, motivation and retention appear really complex, but they are simple. Write the things down that make you feel valued at your company and try to do those same things for your co-workers and employees. You don’t have to be a mind-reader and you don’t have to have a degree in psychology or a heavy pocketbook to make your team members feel valued. It is all about trial-and-error and the fact that you are concentrating on making your work place like a home. At Panasonic, it also takes some actions at motivating customers such as provide the products that customer needs, From humble beginnings with one man producing one product on a table in his apartment, to current status as the world’s largest manufacturer of consumer electronics, Panasonic has strived to develop products and services that meet the needs of all of customers. Panasonic products have had access-friendly features for many years. They strongly believe that everyone should be able to enjoy the benefits of accessible products. To achieve this goal, they endeavor to assure that Panasonic products use all readily achievable means to make them ever more accessible to, and usable by people with disabilities. The popular DVD format is an excellent example of Panasonic’s engineering and marketing prowess. Panasonic developed many of the key technologies that make possible DVD, the format that is now transforming home entertainment and the computer industry. Their engineers took that technology from the laboratory and created high-quality, affordable components for the industry. At the same time, they used their expertise in storage media to make DVD discs a reality. For their DVD efforts, they were awarded a technical Emmy Award by the television industry. While they are proud of that award, it hasn’t stopped the technological advances. Panasonic was first to introduce recordable DVD for the PC and is moving forward with recordable DVD players for video enthusiasts. And this is only the beginning. Good service of guarantees procedures. In-warranty whole unit service is for in-warranty units that require service at the Panasonic repair center. 1. The specialist will make a determination of your warranty status* based on the date of purchase, serial number and problem description. Please refer to the green warranty card provided with your unit. 2. The specialist will provide you with a service authorization number, shipping company account and phone number, and address of the Panasonic repair center. If you need a box to ship the unit, we will send one to you. Make sure you backup your hard drive before sending your unit in for service. 4. Schedule a pick up of your unit with a shipping service company. Arrangements must be made within 30 days after you receive your service authorization number. 5. On the average, Panasonic’s repair center will troubleshoot and repair your unit within 48 hours of receipt. We will then return your computer via next day air service. All the above things make employees and customers highly motivated. Conclusion Motivation works differently for different people at different situations. According to Maslow hierarchy, our first need is survival, so we concentrate on basic physiological needs, such as food, water, and shelter, until we feel fairly sure that these needs are covered. Next, we concern ourselves with safety needs, which person to the desire to feel safe, secure, and free from threats to our existence. Once we feel reasonably safe and secure, we turn to attention to relationships with others in order to fulfill our belongingness needs, which involve the desire to affiliate with and be accepted by other. ow at Panasonic, employees mainly at this level, every few supervisors such as CEO, at the fourth level, even fifth level, the highest level of hierarchy, money is not their motivation any more. Because they already have a lot of money, they need excellent working conditions, others respect etc. But, the employees at lowest level of Panasonic, the main motivation to them is money, because they need support their family, they need satisfy their own needs of survival and safety. But when their needs are satisfied, then they will go to higher level of hierarchy.